Sunday, August 29, 2021

1. If the power to tell stories and shape narratives is only held by a few, what dangers lie in that?


There is danger is that because if all the media is being controlled by few then they can twist and control any story to fit the narrative that they want to portray this can lead to a large majority of people believing a certain ideology whether it be false or not, however when there are many people who have some sort of power in the media contrary ideas can be raised and it leaves it up t the person to decide what they want to believe as there are different places to follow or believe.

2. Write a paragraph about Merata Mita. Why was her work important and how would you describe her efforts?


Merata Mita was an indigenous film director during a time where being a woman and being indigenous weren't seen as the right person to be a director, her films weren't necessarily the most well edited of flashy but her goal was to represent indigenous people and give them a voice in the white, male dominated media of the day. She paved the way for other indigenous and small creators to make a future in film making and producing, she showed the realities that some indigenous families were struggling from that weren't shown in the media. She said these words in one of her movies and it sums up her life, "Foot soldiers don’t have a very high status, but they have to be very brave and very determined to keep fighting a war."

3. Why would you argue that it is important for Indi filmmakers, outside of the established institutions, to be creating media / telling stories?


It is important because large film companies often only show glamour and riches and things that will appeal to a large audience but Indi filmmakers can show a side of their country or a part of their story which can show their perspective on life and what it brings and can allow people such as indigenous people groups to be able to represent themselves and their culture.

1. How are indigenous stories being funded?


Indigenous films don't have as many avenues to be funded by as big film companies have however the main place for indigenous films to be shows are at festivals where people can see them and they can hopefully find funding for it. Canada also started an Indigenous Screen Office which they use to fund first nation films in Canada.

2. What are some of the stereotypes that were perpetuated in early indigenous portrayals of the native Americans?


They couldn't aim properly with a gun and took multiple shots to hit a white guy wheres a white guy only needed one shot, that they were inferior and they called them indians when they weren't
3. Who is one example of an indigenous voice in NZ who is succeeding at telling stories from an indigenous point of view and garnering the interest of the wider world?


Taika Waititi is a Maori film director and actor from New Zealand he started off with small movies representing maori culture the most successful of which was Hunt For The Wilder People, since then he has directed a major marvel movie "Thor Ragnarok" which grossed over $850 million and has been rumoured to be directing a star wars movie.


4. Where do indigenous films have a platform to be viewed currently?

Mainly in film festivals such as Sundance which allows hundreds of indigenous movies to be shows from all around the world this gives them a platform for thousands of people to see and view their hard work

5. What in your opinion, is the future of more authentic portrayals and representations of indigenous people on screen, moving forward?

I believe indigenous cultures and minorities deserve to be portrayed in a realistic light and people want to know the truth of what the indigenous people are living like and how it feels to be them, it is unrealistic to be showing them in stereotypical ways and is not acceptable in the main media.

Wednesday, August 25, 2021

 - how much content is created everyday?

- over 500 hours of video are watched every minute and over 1 billion hours of videos watched eveyday

- worlds second largest search engine

- Who acquired Youtube and how much was spent?

- It was released in 2005 and in 2006 Google acquired YouTube for $1.65 billion.

- how was allowing people to monetise channels, a major shift in the industry?

- monetisation helped creators to make a career out of content creation without the need of spending loads of money since YouTube was free, "You could become a millionaire overnight with one viral video"

- creators didn't need someone to buy into their idea for it to reach a large audience

- how were algorithms  used to Youtube's advantage with subscribers? 

- YouTube's algorithm could detect the type of video you were watch and would recommend you to other videos that are on the same topic this gave YouTube its edge as it wasn't just a collection of random viral videos but it was a tailor made watching experience for the viewer

- advertisement is tailored to the user are video type if you were searching for a dog bed on google when you go back to youtube on the same google account you will see ads for dogs beds etc.

- why is content moderation hard for Youtube? 

- has creators who are uploading questionable content

- YouTube had problems with copyright at the start due to it not having the proper software and algorithm to detect copyrighted content however nowadays that has changed YouTubes algorithm is very advanced and can detect copyrighted content and delete it.



Sky News Australia was banned from uploading for a week on YouTube after spreading false information about Covid 19

- why is it an issue of power for Youtube to ban what it decides is 'misinformation'? 

- some bigger channels on YouTube may face more monitering than smaller channels as they are watched more closely and get more views

- how is it a turning of the power tables to have a news company censored by Youtube?

- This can make the news companies look unreliable and tarnish its reputation, it also shows that the news companies aren't the only ones who can regulate what is shown on their platforms

- write down some of the basic facts from this case to use as an example in your essay for the exam 

YouTube has issued dozens of bans over the past two years, several over Covid but most for hate speech.

It issued a "strike" under its three-strike policy, the last of which means permanent removal.

The TV channel's digital editor said the decision was a disturbing attack on the ability to think freely.

 Power and The Media


Power and the media by Levi Wijohn

Thursday, August 19, 2021

Power in the Media model Essay

 "To what extent do people today have the power to represent themselves?" 

In today's society with web 2.0 and subsequently social media, large influencers and big media conglomerates have a very wide audience and power that can reach everywhere in the world. This wide audience and reach that they have can be positive and negative in many ways, such as constructing ideologies in supporters and they can show certain events in particular ways to manipulate the story and outcome. 

Stuart Hall's Representation Theory states that people will receive media and information in different ways and how media is represented and how accurate it is to real life. Media is notorious for representing people groups and minorities in stereotypical ways, consistent exposure to modified or targeted material can make it become a normal thing for the audience be it good or bad this is known as the Cultivation Theory. Similarly the mean world theory suggests that the media links and overlaps events which gives a distinct view of the world. The media commonly displays material that would be disturbing in real life but on the media becomes mundane and normal, mean world anxieties are linked to the amount of TV and media one watches, the perception that there is so much violence in the world that everyone is at risk. 

Since the introduction of web 2.0 people have been given the power to represent themselves in the way they intend it to be taken. Traditionally the mass media and Linear TV were the only way news and information was given, this provided them with all the power to represent situation however they want, nowadays audiences can interact and give feedback as can go trending on different social media platforms for speaking out against something in less than a day. This hegemonic power the media can take away some of the power from people trying to represent themselves as the media can twist the meaning of what actually happened. Although the fact that people are able to represent themselves in any way significantly decreases the power the mass media once held. This balance of power is still leaning towards the Big 5 and large media studios, however they are shifting their content to suit their audience such as including more women in film and including a more diversely ethnic cast.

Woman unlike in the past are being able to represent themselves and also be given the same jobs and roles as men have for example being given major roles in movies and also being heavily involved in the production process, and also not representing woman as accessories and rather given more powerful roles with more meaning than just eye candy. Different ethnicity's have been represented unlike in the past where in the past it has been a white dominated media, in 2020 films that had at least 21% minority in the cast had the highest online viewership rates from ages 18-49. People of Colour are being given a chance to represent themselves as it is a prevalent topic in todays society. Large film companies bow to the Chinese censorship laws in order for their movie to be aired in China, this is because China doesn't allow many movies to be shown in their country so ones that are shown make a lot of money. Because of these rules companies can't show a chinese person in a bad light and there can't be a chinese person as a bad guy, and in some cases making them the hero. The power of repetitive messaging in major media can result in persuading people to do things, for example in New Zealand in the midst of the corona virus was constantly reminded that the country was a "Team of 5 Million" and to "Be kind" this became a common thing to hear and was constantly repeated until people began to believe it. 

Henry Jenkins' fandom theory states fans enjoy media so much that they create content based upon it and form communities known as fandoms. An example comes from Disney plus' Mandalorian, where a fan remade a scene from the popular TV series because he didn't like the way the scene went, he ended up doing such a good job that he has been brought into the LucasFilm production team. Another example is from Netflix's Stranger Things where a large fandom of pre-teens was reposting clips from the show as well as their own edits eventually accounts from this fandom began to be banned as the clips they uploaded were copyright infringements known under Article 13.

Although the people have in a way balanced out the power of these large media firms, they still have the advantage as they own most of the platforms people can represent themselves on, for example Donald Trump the former president of the United States was banned on twitter for a series of tweets which we said to have started riots in America, people aren't able to control for themselves what it morally right and wrong, which is another limitation of their power, but who is deciding what information is suitablet and what information in "dangerous".





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Monday, August 9, 2021

Essay

"The relationship between media and audience is changing drastically" discuss

Media Ecology focuses on media as environments and environments as media, with an explicit concern for their evolution, effects and forms. The main point about media ecology is that the medium that the media is consumed on is more important in affecting society than the actual media itself. The introduction of web 2.0 allows feedback and interaction in a way that wasn't possible until now, word of mouth was the only way to find out if a movie was worth their time but now you can search up reviews to decide if the movie is worth it, as well as the ability to comment on social media.

Clay Shirky came up with the end of audience theory where he stated that there isn't a passive audience anymore who will sit and just soak in information, the audience has evolved into an active audience where consumers are now also becoming producers (Prosumers), this is due to the impact of web 2.0 and the availability of technology, this allowed apps such as YouTube and TikTok which have millions of people making content everyday with everyday items such as a smartphone. With new apps and services coming out everyday there are endless streams of content to be enjoyed and shared.

Henry Jenkins' fandom theory states fans enjoy media so much that they create content based upon it and form communities known as fandoms. An example comes from Disney plus' Mandalorian, where a fan remade a scene from the popular TV series because he didn't like the way the scene went, he ended up doing such a good job that he has been brought into the LucasFilm production team. Another example is from Netflix's Stranger Things where a large fandom of pre-teens was reposting clips from the show as well as their own edits eventually accounts from this fandom began to be banned as the clips they uploaded were copyright infringements known under Article 13.

Over the years the way blockbuster films have been distributed has changed, the cinemas aren't the only place where an audience can view the premiere of the movie, in July 2021 marvel released their latest superhero moving Black Widow starring Scarlette Johansson. The drama came when she realised that the movie wasn't only being released in cinemas but on Disney's SVOD (Streaming Video on Demand) Disney+, this was a problem as in her contract her pay was a certain percentage of cinema profits but since it wasn't the only place it could be viewed her pay was a lot less than she was expected leading to her launching a law suite against Disney.

Fragmentation is when media is spread across countless mediums such as linear TV, Streaming services (SVOD) and social media platforms. This has allows a wider influence on what audiences are consuming compared to how they used to and links to the audience theory in which audiences aren't just being spoon fed information from one place, now they can have multiple opinions and do their own research on certain topics, this takes power away from large media influences and can also so have its negative effects such as false information. Studies have shown that almost 45% of teens say that they are always online and a further 31% of teens insist that social media has a positive effect on them. This shows that web 2.0 and social media help shape audience ideas. Cinema popularity is slowly decreasing as many other options for watching movies become available, however, 14% of people agree that they go to the cinemas one or more times a month and a further 46% said they go at least one time per year. This shows that people still enjoy the feeling of going to the cinemas to watch a new movie that has come out even though there are so many other options available for them to watch it on. One of these options being illegal websites which pirate movies and allow people to watch them for free. According to a 2020 study on piracy, pirated material was viewed over 230 billion times, Hollywood loses between 29.2 to 70.1 billion dollars every year due to piracy. More than 80% of global online piracy is due to illegal streaming services, this means that production companies are missing out on billions of dollars of what would have been potential revenue. Kim Dotcom was an example of someone who profited heavily of websites that allowed for pirated material to be shown he accumulated over $200 million dollars from the websites of which he has less than 10% remaining after many legal battles.

The top three SVOD websites are Netflix (208 million users), Amazon Prime Video (200 million users) and Disney+ (103 million users) although Disney+ was only released on November 2019 making it less than 2 years old and having almost half of Netflix' users, in comparison Netflix has been a VOD service since 2007 meaning it is nearing 14 years of streaming. Over this time they have established themselves as the top streaming service and gained the largest active user base however Disney now owns many more production companies such as MARVEL, this lead to all marvel tv shows and movies being taken off Netflix this angered a lot of fans as some people were looking forward to new episodes of the Marvel spin off series that were being showed on Netflix that ultimately got discontinued.

In conclusion the relationships between audience and media has changed a lot largely thanks to the invention and introduction of web 2.0 and the availability of new and faster technology that can take advantage of web 2.0 is ways that were never thought possible, social media has changed audiences from being more conservative to sharing all their opinions and thoughts in ways like never before. Uploading, downloading and sharing content is very easy and all thanks to web 2.0, without it traditional ways of communication and media being spread would still be the main way to get information and watch content.



Tuesday, August 3, 2021

essay plan

 Media Ecology Essay Plan

"The relationship between media and audience is changing rapidly" discuss


Agree

Diverse media environments shape today's society and our everyday lives.

McLuhan was the first to suggest that the focus of media ecology was the media and not so much the message it relays.

The introduction of web 2.0 allows feedback and interaction in a way that wasn't possible now word of mouth was the only way to find out if a movie was worth their time but now you can search up reviews to decide if the movie is worth it

With the technology, we have today consumers have become producers of media mixed in with the web 2.0 are apps such as YouTube and TikTok were people who were never able to make media are able to do it with everyday items such as their phone

The popularity of cinemas is going down as the increase in SVOD (Streaming Video on Demand) is becoming more and more popular, blockbuster isn't only being released in the cinemas and is being released on these SVOD services for example Disney+, Black Widow Scarlett Johanneson suing Disney.


Piracy is more prevalent than ever with hundreds of websites and ways to stream media live without having to pay this messes with the traditional way of viewing media and even takes away from the viewership of SVOD as well.

Story of Mandalorian deepfake YouTuber recreated Luke Skywalker. Disney offered him a job, thing like this was never possible before web 2.0 as you would have to go through the system to get to the top


Fragmentation:

- The nuclear family isn't as common these days everyone has a device to watch what they want on people don't usually sit down as a family and watch the same thing as each other. This divides the number of people watching tv shows, effected linear TV as it isn't the only place to watch tv shows and movies and streaming platforms allow you to pick what you want to watch rather than having to wait for your show to come on with a whole bunch of ads in between

- The range of media is so diverse that although Disney is still the largest movie maker and producer there are many other tv shows and movies that make it big time.


ARTICLE ON BBC 

- New can shape us in many ways it can sneak into our subconscious without us realizing and impact us in ways we didn't know we could feel

- We instinctively pay attention to the worst things that happen around us

- Example of how news of  COVID-19 spreads around

ARKANSAS STATE STUDY:

- Linear TV News used to be the main place where people got their news from however nowadays the main source of news is social media itself the apps the USA relies on the most are Facebook (40%) YouTube (21%) Twitter (12%)

- There could be fake news but what's popular is what's shown.

FORBES ARTICLE:

50% of internet users said they get their latest news from social media


Fandom Theory:

-Fans enjoy media so much that they make groups and communities this has been made easier with the introduction of the internet

-Jenkins

-Prosumer, consumer, and producer of content

- They create online communities and produce new creative forms

- Stranger things fandom example

- Mandalorian fandom example


Clay ShirkyAudience Theory:

- There is no longer a passive audience, everyone is an active audience

- Interaction is expected by the audience

- Audiences like to speak back

- Power in the media

Sunday, August 1, 2021

 

Advanced Portfolio CCR

Our music video linked with the song brought up a lot of issues in todays society among teenagers and young adults. We have addressed the very vocal topic of depression which is displayed in many moments of the video, the darkness and isolation shown in a lot of it links to the darkness you feel when in a constant state of depression, it is furthermore shown in the way she has distanced herself from her family and friends. Demi Lovato is the person singing the song and she has and still is very open about her depression and drug abuse, we felt encasing the song around these feelings and tying the visuals to the lyrics helped bring across the deeper message to the song. We have represented both male and female perspectives on the topic, this is due to the fact that there is a stereotypical view that men should be stronger emotionally and physically and that there should be a stigma towards men showing their emotions and letting them out. We have fully challenged this view showing that men can be just as vulnerable and that men can feel the exact same emotions as women. Demi Lovato is also very vocal about her support of the LGBTQ+ community.

 

We have multiple platforms where we showcase our media and create this sense of branding. We have created Instagram pages to promote our music video and our artist just like a real-life distribution company would on this page we make the colours of our photos posted look like they are snippets from the music video due to the match in colour and outfits of the actors. We have also made a digipack themed in the same way that the Instagram page is to create that sense of one overarching brand. Finally, Vimeo is the platform we have chosen to upload our Music Video to because of copyright reasons on YouTube. Across all four of our team, we have a relatively similar branding in terms of colours and photos however we vary in the way that we have presented them. Since it is so important to keep everything relatively looking the same and supporting each other branding became the main focus of our process of making the music video.

 

Our Music Video relates a lot to people from early teens to early twenties due to the fact that mental health and drug abuse is more openly talked about and our product in one way or another can link to a way they feel or once felt letting them know that they aren’t the only one to have struggles. We also decided to go with a story line linking to the music to get people to be engaged in the music video and wonder what it is going on, this helps people to stay watching and listening for longer. Having an Instagram as well helps being able to interact with the audience and they can send private messages and leave comments on posts it can make the audience feel heard. The mixture with an engaging story, good message and colourful visuals help to engage and draw people into the music video. Narrative theory is based on the concept that people are essentially storytellers. Storytelling is one of the oldest and most universal forms of communication and so individuals approach their social world in a narrative mode and make decisions and act within this narrative framework

 

We have researched a lot into the motives behind the song and the inspiration which was how both Demi Lovato and Sam Fisher suffered from mental illnesses and drug abuse this initially inspired our male and female actors to act in the different singing parts, when Sam sings the guy is shown and when demi sings the girl is shown this makes the story more easy to follow and it helps people match the voices to a face. From early on these were our core goals and what we centred the whole video on. Originally we chose a different song and did research on it to see what we should do and ultimately decided on What Other People Say instead because It had a good message and we could make a story to it a lot easier as it basically told a story in the lyrics. Lessons by Stormzy was our original song but we ultimately left it as a thought. All of us have had experience in making short films during our AS Media curriculum this helped tremendously when it came to editing a story music video as it was almost exactly what we did the year before except just with music in the background. The process wasn’t all that hard although it did take quite a lot of time as we had a lot of shots and a lot of cutting and matching to do although we are all very happy with the outcomes of our Music Videos.

 

Multiple artists in class such as Billie Eilish, Taylor Swift, etc. and we took inspiration from the way they market their products such as linking their store in their Instagram bio, linking their music video in their Instagram posts, and many more things that helped us not be in the dark about what to do. We took inspiration from other Demi Lovato music videos to see what she likes to do with her songs and she often had some sort of storyline backing up the music. We also looked up ways to appeal to the audience, the song is a mid-tempo pop song. 


We studied media theororists such as Marshall McLuhan with his media effects theory which helped to see in proven studies how we can appeal to our audience and make our music video have a long-lasting effect. And we studied media Theories such as the Hypodermic Model, Cultivation Theory and the Two-Step flow theory. Another huge area that was addressed was that of the "Star Image" we made this a very common thing in our music video as it was something often talked about, we centred our video mainly around the main actress who was acting as Demi Lovato, having her at the centre of the attention helped bring out the meaning in the words and help to show them in a visual way.



Sunday, July 4, 2021

 

History of Women in Film

Women were critical to the film industry in its beginnings, as evidenced by many of the remarkable women who were pioneers of the medium. Guy-Blaché, Mary Pickford (co-founder) of United Artists), Clara Kimball Young, and many other women directed, produced, and created films in the early twentieth century.

However, with the advent of “talkies,” the film industry was viewed more as a business and less as an art, and jobs were largely seen as men’s domain. In fact, when sound was introduced to film, with regard to directing, Lois Weber advised women, “Don’t try it. You’ll never get away with it.” From the late 1920s until 1982, Universal Studios did not credit a female director. Amy Heckerling was the first director from Universal to receive credit after that period for Fast Times at Ridgemont High.

Even roles for female actors became less prevalent during this period with the introduction of the Motion Picture Production Code by Will H. Hays. This code set boundaries regarding what was deemed “appropriate” and excluded such depictions as suggestive nudity, childbirth (even in silhouette), seduction, and more. Many roles for women were subsequently excluded or reduced. The Hays Code came to an end in 1968 but had a lasting impact. 

Even today, women are underrepresented in the film industry, working in just 17 percent of behind-the-scenes roles between 2015-2016, according to a 2017 Women’s Media Center report. The report further finds that of the top 250 films made during this period, 92 percent had no female directors. Furthermore, in 2019, women received just 25 percent of Academy Award nominations in non-gender-specific categories. 

Wednesday, June 30, 2021

Representation

Black representation in the Media

 In the past black people in media have been represented as the joke men they would often play the servants and the poor people, they were basically there to laugh at. Many older movies are like this however times have drastically changed since then and placing people in those roles due to old stereotypes is very much so frowned upon.

In the past, film companies have tried to exclusively have an "all coloured cast" however these companies failed due to lack of "white" appeal and poor "marketability".

Again for many years, black people were portrayed in movies as people who needed to be saved by white people seen in movies like The Blind Side and Freedom Writers to name a few. In both of these, there was a white lady who gave "salvation" to a young black male.

Netflix says they are representing black people through their leadership roles, major casting, film and distribution crew, etc. Black directors Ava DuVernay and Spike Lee have helped Netflix head the movement Strong Black Lea
d "It's a promise to represent black audiences authentically".

In 2018 Black panther was released by Marvel having black people as the main actor, the main antagonist, and most of the supporting lead roles. This was a huge step for marvel and Hollywood, in general, to show that movies with a majority of black actors can be successful. The movie grossed over $1 billion worldwide.

In 2016 at the Oscars there were 0 black actors who were nominated for an Oscar award and it didn't go down well with a lot of black actors as many made videos on it and shared their outrage on social media. This caused the Oscars to widen the variety of cultures and ethnicity that they have on the Oscars from that year on.

Sunday, June 27, 2021

MEDIA REGULATION

MEDIA REGULATION         

“Changes in society have been reflected by changes in media regulation. Discuss this view”

Over the years society has changed in many ways and media has become more regulated. Most countries have some form of a regulatory body that sorts through every form of media and decide which ones are suitable for the country and they also decide which age group it is suitable for. In New Zealand, the main regulatory body is the OFLC (Office of Film and Literature Classification) David Shanks is the chief censor. They regulate most forms of media that are distributed into the country and also can, in collusion with the government, pass punishment on to people who have copies of the forbidden material. Livingston and Lunt came up with the regulation theory which stated that the protection of media limits people's freedom and creativity. Recently many movies have fallen victim to ‘cancel culture’ due to scenes that show objectionable material such as racism, representing children in an inappropriate light.

The OFLC classifies media in 6 different classifications, G (General), PG (Parental Guidance), M (Mature), R13 (Restricted 13), R16 (Restricted 16) and R18 (Restricted 18) they are able to restrict or ban any material which shows sex, horror, crime, cruelty or violence. If something has been made restricted it means that if it were available freely it would be harmful to society. Anything including the sexual exploitation of children or anything of the sort must be banned. An age rating can be added to any thing with offensive language, self-harm, degrading or demeaning content.

Two examples of movies that have been ‘canceled’ are Dumbo and Song of the South, both of these are movies made by Disney and that were on Disney+. Both of these movies were made in the 1940s when racism was a formality, and there are scenes in both of the movies that have links to racial stereotypes particularly of African American people. In today’s society depictions of stereotypes are not acceptable in the mainstream media and minority groups are being represented today in a way like never before with movements such as BLM ( Black Lives Matter ) which aim to give worldwide support to racial injustice against black people have heavily changed censorship and media consumption in the last couple of years. Disney made both of these movies and have decided not to show song of the south on their Disney+ streaming platform whereas Dumbo is only available on an adult profile and it gives a warning before watching. A counterargument has been raised against the removal and editing of movies that are questionable and the argument is if a movie that doesn’t fit in today’s standards of what is considered right gets deleted or edited, especially if it was made many years ago, then a part of history is being deleted, and also if every questionable source of media is not shown then people won’t be able to see the difference between right and wrong and may fall into the trap of repeating past mistakes.

Some countries have very strict laws which prevent many forms of media from entering the country. The regulatory body which is in China allows the public to view very little amounts of worldwide media and this includes films. In 2019 China allowed the very successful Marvel movie Avengers: End Game to be shown in theatres in the country since not many movies are shown per year this was one of the only movies available in the theatres as a result of this China alone is responsible for 22% of all the money made by the movie from ticket sales alone making over $600 M. In 2014 Sony Entertainment was set to release a new movie called The Interview worldwide, however, a scene was shown in which the leader of North Korea Kim Jong Un was portrayed in a satirical and mocking way and also showing his death. In fear of the repercussion of North Korea possibly seeing this Sony halted their worldwide release of the movie and only released it in certain areas. At the time President Obama firmly wished they had advised him first as they shouldn’t be living in fear of a foreign power.

In New Zealand not too many films are banned or disallowed however in 2017 a Netflix Original 13 Reasons Why was given an RP18 rating due to it depicting suicide and self-harm, as well as sexual assault and drug abuse, RP18 means anyone under the age of 18 needs an adult or guardian watching with them. New Zealand made this choice as they have one of the highest teen suicide rates in the world and this was a precaution to prevent possible copycats. Marshall McLuhan created the media effects theory and it stated that every form of media has some sort of meaning behind it intended or not. 13 Reasons Why shows this clearly as they never intended to cause copycats, in fact, they intended to raise awareness but people can take the meaning of media in different ways and different views. This links to Stuart Halls Reception Theory which talks about an active vs a passive audience, a passive audience may take the show as just a sad story about a girl who took her life but an active audience can see the show and be influenced by it. 

The Mosque shooting in Christchurch 2019, was live-streamed on Facebook by the shooter and was then uploaded many times to the internet and shared around before the OFLC announced owning or distributing a copy was against the law, his manifesto was also taken down from every website that the OFLC could find. Was this a good idea for them to do this? People want to be able to watch what they want and for it to be their responsibility if they are negatively affected by it. New Zealand banned its first video game in 2003 called Manhunt due to its depictions of torture and mass murder. It was also banned in the UK, Australia, and Ireland to name a few. 

In conclusion, the media is being regulated heavily and in my opinion it is a bit too much, we can no longer distinguish between a movie which has been edited to be more suitable and in future generations they may not even realise there have been edits on the form of media. Giving people more freedom to choose what they want to watch and what they don’t want to watch. 


1. If the power to tell stories and shape narratives is only held by a few, what dangers lie in that? There is danger is that because if al...